Lifting The Ban On Women s Rights - 1974 Words

The process of moving forward and advancing women’s rights have become more and more important to America. Deciding to lift the ban on women in combat became a more talked about issue than people thought. This topic raises a mass of questions. Women deserve rights equivalent to those of men. Women have been looked upon as the weaker gender for centuries; however, in recent years, they seem to play much larger roles in society and must be afforded the same opportunities as men to excel and advance in the military. In January 2013, America lifted the ban on female soldiers serving in combat roles; therefore, this allowed women to reach their full potential as soldiers. Females seemed unable to attain the highest rank in many professions. General Martin Dempsey, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said that women have already proved themselves in action on America s battlefields and the move persisted as a way of catching up with reality (Harris). Women are mentally discipline and emotionally strong enough for the harshness of battle. Females will also prevail as Army Rangers, Green Berets, Navy Seals, and Marine Corps. Many people now believe in what Defense Secretary Ash Carter said, â€Å"The important factor in making my decision was to have access to every American who could add strength to the joint force.† (Tilghman). With these beliefs women now get the chance to fulfill their lifelong dreams of fighting and protecting their country. More than 9,000 female troops haveShow MoreR elated Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Policy Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagesinfringement on human rights and freedom of expression, it protects the rights of the rest of the military and opens a loophole for gay men and women to serve in the armed forces. Other countries have successfully integrated gay men and women into their militaries and compared the treatment of other minority groups in the military. Is the â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† policy really effective or even necessary for our militaries? The â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† policy means that service men and women are not questionedRead MoreThe Banning Of The Headscarf1229 Words   |  5 Pagesarticles such as an al-Amira, burka, or a hijab. Some women wear these clothing items for religious or traditional purposes, but others wear them solely by choice. However, there are certain countries around the world that oppose the wearing of certain Muslim-style clothing. One country in particular, Turkey, does not issue total support of the wearing of headscarves for women. In fact, the government has issued a ban on the wearing of headscarves by women in government facilitated places. The banning ofRead MoreThe Rise Of Social Media And Its Impact On The Feminism Movement Essay1542 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history, women have always been oppressed in one form or another. The social status of women have often been lower than that of their male counter parts creating adverse gender inequality in soci ety. One such example is in the United States of America in which before 1920, women did not have the rights to vote. The lower social status of women in society is further propagated mainly through the objectification of women in the media through the sexualisation of women. Since the creationRead More Gays in the Military Essay1362 Words   |  6 Pagesservice. In November 1992, President - elect Clinton told Americans that he planned to lift the militarys long - standing ban on gays and lesbians. Homosexual men and women, he said, should not be prevented from serving their country based on their sexual orientation. Soon after taking office in 1993, Clinton faced powerful military and congressional opposition to lifting the ban. General Colin Powell, then - chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Senator Sam Nunn, who was chairman of the SenateRead MoreGays in the Military1427 Words   |  6 Pagesit right? For nearly 50 years, it has been the U.S. militarys official policy to exclude homosexuals from service. In November 1992, President - elect Clinton told Americans that he planned to lift the militarys long - standing ban on gays and lesbians. Homosexual men and women, he said, should not be prevented from serving their country based on their sexual orientation. Soon after taking office in 1993, Clinton faced powerful military and congressional opposition to lifting the ban. GeneralRead MoreLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage1504 Words   |  7 Pagessex marriage, in where some states legalized same sex marriage but there are still some states that have not or even have banned same sex marriage. Every human has the right to love, in this case, marriage is a privilege that everyone should have, the freedom of choosing a partner in their life; therefore the equality of human rights has to be more reinforced and same sex marriage must be legalized in every state in The USA. (add essay map) SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN THE US According to the National ConderenceRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien2499 Words   |  10 Pageshistory, many women were known to disguise themselves as men in combat. Now, they do not have to disguise themselves. The roles of women have dramatically changed in recent years. Women were not allowed to have an education. They did not attend high school or college, and they were expected to just be the typical housewife of the mid-1900’s. Some women had children while men were typical â€Å"bread-winners.† That is how the world was at that point in time. As you can see already, men and women were not equalRead MoreThe National Collegiate Athletic Association1731 Words   |  7 Pagesswim and dive, soccer, and tennis to name a few. The NCAA s most dominant competitions are college basketball and college (American) football, and it was estimated in 2000 that 75 per cent of US colleges made profits from these sports, enabling the subsidization of other sport- activity programmes (Tomlinson, 2010.) NCAA officials on Nov. 8 announced a multiyear deal with Coca-Cola, making Powerade the official sports drink of the association s 88 championship events (NCAA, 2010.) The NCAA’s headquartersRead MoreWomen in the Army1955 Words   |  8 PagesWomen Army Women total up till about 14% of the 1.4 million military personnel in the United States army. (Gabbatt, 2013) The statistics in pentagon state that about 144 military women have been killed and around 865 women have been injured in combat and noncombat incidents in Afghanistan and in Iraq. (Parrish ,2012) As of 2012, there were about 20,000 women deployed in Afghanistan and this number is even likely to increase. Women have become an integral part of the army service in Afghanistan andRead MoreWomen During Combat War : American Society Changed And Evolved At A Record Pace Over The Past Decade Essay1765 Words   |  8 PagesWomen in Combat Arms American Society has changed and evolved at a record pace over the past decade. Technology, social media, sexual orientation, and race relations have all been hotly debated topics. On January 24, 2013, when then-Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta rescinded the rule that restricted women from serving in combat units and directed the Armed Services to review their occupational standards and assignment policies, the discussion of women in Combat Arms was thrust into the limelight

The Evolution Of Eukaryotic Cells - 1102 Words

After the unanticipated discovery of a separate mitochondrial genome, there have been new insights into its inheritance and mutation. There is enough evidence to bolster the fact that fusion between a-proteobacteria and archaebacteria is an integral event in evolution of eukaryotic cells. However, it has also been conjectured that eukaryotic cell may have originated from prokaryotes. As a part of this evolution, many mitochondrial ancestral genes were lost. These are the genes that were no longer required in their new host cell environment. All eukaryotes contain genes of mitochondrial origin in their nuclear genome. However, this is only true for a few genes. Studies indicate that humans and mice have only 35% of mitochondrial gene products that are similar to bacteria Rickettsia. Remaining mitochondrial proteins are derived from either non-mitochondrial nuclear genes or as a result of horizontal gene transfer events. Mitochondria have developed different states during the evolution of eukaryotic cell. Aerobic mitochondria retain a small mtDNA while anaerobic mitochondria and hydrogen-producing mitochondria alter the function of respiratory chain and also maintain mtDNA. Most animal mitochondrial genome obeys a specific genome composition. However, there are exceptions where variations have been observed. The genes of mtDNA are tightly packed together with minimal non-coding DNA. However, one large non-coding region called as D-loop, containing regulatory elements forShow MoreRelatedReproduction, Symbiosis, And Eukaryotic Cell Essay1621 Words   |  7 PagesHoly Martyrs Ferrahian High School Reproduction, Symbiosis, and the Eukaryotic Cell Research Paper Aram Kazorian AP Biology Mrs. Lee 18 October, 2016 The research that was conducted had the specific purpose of addressing questions on topics of individuality, reproduction, symbiotic relationships, all based around the idea of endosymbionts and the endosymbiotic theory with the eukaryotic cell. Symbiosis are the relationships between organisms that can either harm or benefit themselvesRead MoreThe Theory Of The Serial Endosymbiotic Theory1590 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst eukaryotic (an organism which contains a nucleus and organelles enclosed within a membrane ). Was pioneered in the 1960’s by the seminal work of Lynn Margulis. This theory attempts to explain the origins of eukaryotic cell organelles, specifically the mitochondria (providing the cells ATP (used for the cells metabolism) supply used by the cell as chemical energy ). With the theory suggesting that the mitochondria and plastids within a eukaryotic cell were once independent prokaryotic cells (aRead MoreEukaryotic Of Eukaryotic And Eukaryotic Genomes986 Words   |  4 Pagesthe prokaryotic domain of life, while humans and most other readily visible life forms are firmly rooted in the eukaryotic domain. These domains diverged many millions of years ago from a common ancestor and, while the eukaryotic branch later split into eukaryotic and archaeal domains, it maintained its separation from the prokaryotic domain (Woese et al., 1990). Prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes are naturally very distinct in both content and structure as a result of eons-long separation, and oneRead MoreImportance Of Intracellular Bound Nucleus And Organelles Within Eukaryotes1615 Words   |  7 Pagesannotated diagrams where appropriate, membrane-bound nucleus and organelles within eukaryotes cells; explain evolutionary advantages of intracellular compartmentalization. Living cells are the functional biological building blocks of animals. They come together to form complex organic tissues, organs, and whole bodies, as well as some of these organisms themselves existing in a unicellular form. Cells vary in size and dimension, with Eukaryotes ranging from 1x10-3m to 1x10-4m in length, whilstRead MoreBiology: The Endosymbiotic Theory Essay example580 Words   |  3 Pagesinside the host cell some victims continued to thrive and grow. The theory of Endosymbiosis describes the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria and their double membranes. This concept explains the idea that chloroplasts and mitochondria are the results of years of evolution started by endocytosis of bacteria and blue green algae. Based on this theory, blue green algae and bacteria are not digested but they are symbiotic To know this endocytosis is when a substance enters a cell without accessingRead MoreBiology : The Scientific Study Of Life1617 Words   |  7 Pagesthe environment, reproduction, and evolution; these properties are the basis in which we use to determine whether or not something is â€Å"alive† or â€Å"living.† Cells are the composition of all life. Every living thing on our planet is made up of thousands of cells. Within the properties of life, Order states that all living things exhibit a complex, but ordered organization. Organisms consist of many cells that are highly organized and coordinated. Within each cell, atoms, which are the smallest unitRead MoreEssay on Endosymbiosis1045 Words   |  5 Pagestheory that eukaryotic cells were formed when a prokaryotic cell ingested some aerobic bacteria. The first step of the evolution of a eukaryotic cell is the infolding of the cellular membrane. This process takes place when the plasma membrane folds inwards and develops an envelope around a smaller prokaryotic cell. Once the smaller cell is engulfed, it becomes dependent upon its host cell. It relies on the host cell for organic molecules and inorganic compounds. However, the host cell also benefitsRead MoreThe Theories Of Virus Origin1615 Words   |  7 Pagescannot reproduce withou t the help of a host cell, and do not use the normal cell-division process, mitosis, for replication. How did these entities arise and where did they come from? How did they evolve in this ever-changing world to still exist and be so prosperous? In my research I found three theories of virus origin; the theories include the progressive hypothesis, the regressive hypothesis, and the virus-first hypothesis. Investigations of their evolution have revealed many characteristics thatRead MoreThe Between Prokaryotic And Evolution Of Cells And Organisms With Novel Capabilities Essay812 Words   |  4 PagesEssay topic: Symbioses between Prokaryotic cells that happened approximately 2 billion years ago are thought to be at the origin of Eukaryotes. But mutually dependent symbioses continue to be established at the cellular and organism levels. Read the section on the origin of Eukaryotes in the unit’s prescribed textbook and use the reference below to research and describe the import ance of symbioses in the origin and evolution of cells and organisms with novel capabilities. Student and ID SymbiosisRead MoreThe Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Organisms Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagesprokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and explore the reasoning behind such differences with regard to general structure, storage of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and its replication, metabolic processes, protein synthesis and ribonucleic acid (RNA) processing. The cell is the most basic unit of life, defined as â€Å"The fundamental ... structural and functional unit of all living organisms† (Oxford University Press, 2008). The prokaryotic cell is typically composed of a plasma membrane and cell wall, containing

International Business Market Prolifically

Question: Discuss about the International Business for Market Prolifically. Answer: Introduction With the rapid growth in industrialization and technology in the past few decades, the economy of the international business and market prolifically has changed in varied ways. The internal market that significantly boosts the economic condition of a country provides an overall analysis about the nature and conditions of the market. One of the most boosted and prolific economy in the present international market is the UK economy (Anderton, 2010). Despite facing huge turnovers and drawbacks in the past it has been the most successful and firm economy in the entire world. The countrys economy is measured by the gross domestic product and is the fifth largest national economy in the world. The economy of UK has been the strongest economy as far as unemployment, interest rates and inflation is concerned. Being one of the most developed countries in the world UK prolifically obtains its revenue through exportation of financial services but it also record deficits through food, goods and commodities. In this report we will strategically analyze and evaluate the economic conditions of the UK that would enable us to provide a key concept and clear visual about the key economic indicators. An economy can be analyzed through the economic indicators like the GDP, unemployment, inflation, debt to GDP ratio and Tax rate. Evaluating all these key factors the report will prolifically provide a significant overview about the UK economy (Arndt and McKenzie, 2011). Following the description of the economic indicators, trend analysis and current economic conditions will enable to suggest a clear visualization of the chosen economy. Description of the economic indicators It is mandatory to analyze and evaluate the international market to figure out the economy of a country. Different key indicators play a significant role in evaluating the international market which proportionately helps to understand the condition of the countrys economy. Thus, to understand the key prospects of the UK economy it is quite important to have a detailed description about the key economic indicators as well as understand what economic indicator is (Artis, 2012). Economic indicator can be defined as a significant piece of economic data basically of macroeconomic scale which is used by economists and analysts for interpreting the future or current investment policies to understand or judge the economys overall health. Some of the key economic indicators are as follows: GDP: Also termed as the gross domestic product, it is the expansive quantitative measure of a countrys entire economy activity. Specifically, GDP prolifically represents the monetary value of all the services as well as the goods produced within the geographic borders of a country over a specific period of time. GDP is actually calculated as a basic comparison to the previous year or quarter (Barnes, 2015). Unemployment: It is defined as significant phenomenon that prolifically occurs during economic unsettlement. It is when an individual is actively trying for employment but unable to get employed or find work. It is often used as a measure to understand the health of the economy (Blanchflower, 2015). The most significant measure of unemployment is the unemployment rate, i.e. the number of employed individual divided by the number of individual in the labor force. Unemployment basically hits a nation during economical instability which is calculated by the rate of employment. Inflation: It is defined as the rate at which the common level of prices for services and goods is rising and as a result, the purchasing power of the countrys currency is rapidly falling. This negatively impacts the countrys economy growth and it is the role of the central banks to limit the rate of inflation and significantly avoid deflation for keeping the operations of the economy running smoothly (Botham, 2015). Debt-to-GDP ratio: It is the ratio in between the debt of the nations government and its gross domestic product (GDP). By the comparison of what a nation have a loan from to what it produces. The debt-to GDP ratio prolifically indicates the nations ability to return back the debt. It is mostly expressed as a basic percentage; the entire ratio can be significantly interpreted as the time i.e. number of years needed by the government to clear the debt if GDP is bestowed entirely to the payment of debt (Cameron, 2015). Tax Rate: It is the percentage that is calculated at which a corporation or individual is taxed. The tax rate can be defined as a tax that is imposed on the taxable income or on the earnings of a corporation by the government. Trend analysis of the economic indicators Trend analysis enables to understand the economy by evaluating the economic indicators. UK economy is one of the most influential economies and by the prolific help of the economic indicators it will help to understand the UK economy in the past six months more vividly. GDP: The economy of UK has significantly expanded 0.4% on quarter in the first three months of 2016. Analyzing in line along with the preliminary estimates and slowing down 0.7% expansion in the last quarter of 2015. One of the major reasons has been the customer spending while the business investments shrink more than that was expected (Cameron, 2015). The next three months GDP growth of UK raised about 0.6% higher than that of 0.4% as annual rate has significantly slowed down to three year low. This has significantly affected the growth rate in UK. The biggest segments has been the services sector i.e. government, health, education, real estate, wholesale and trade, retail trade and insurance which has accounted about 79% of the total GDP. Unemployment: The rate of unemployment in UK drastically lowered to 4.9% from 5% in three months to May in the current year than previous year. According to the reports it is the lowest since 2005 and has bettered than that of the market expectations of about 5%. The unemployment rate in UK has basically averaged 7.15% until 2016. It is expected that the unemployment rate will be 5.10% by the end of the quarter (Cogent Inspection, 2016). As per the econometric models it is assumed that the unemployment rate is projected to turn around 6.70% in the upcoming future. Inflation: The consumer prices in United Kingdome have prolifically went up by 0.5% as of June 2016. Analyzing the inflation rate of UK in the last six months there has been a great increase of 0.3% in the prior months of June which was quite higher than the market expectations of 0.4% gain. The major reason for the price stability in the United Kingdom is due to the Bank of England. The inflation rate is averaged at 2.61% in United Kingdom which has increased all time high 8.50% and a record low -0.10% (Green, 2016). Evaluating the conditions of the economy the inflation rate has been prolifically stable that that of 2015. Debt-to-GDP: United Kingdom has been facing the debt-to-GDP of about 84% of the countrys gross domestic product in 2016 approximately 1,620 billion about 5.20% less than that of 2015. The national debt of UK is the entire amount of money that the government of UK owes to the private sector. Analyzing the budget deficit i.e. the amount government borrows per year during 2015-16 is 9 billion. The debt-to-GDP has significant impact on the economy of the United Kingdom. The deficit has potentially lowered but the debt is rising up (Green, 2016). Although there is a hike in the GDP by about 80% but by the UK standards other countries have much bigger problems as the national debt tallies of 120% to 225%. Tax Rate: The tax rate of UK is calculated on an individuals income which is above than the personal allowance and how much of the income falls within each tax band. There are various other tax free personal allowance, which is the income amount which an individual dont have to pay tax on (Green, 2016). There is also some income tax which is tax-free. The tax year in UK if calculated from April to April. Impact of the current economic indicators Economic indicators play a key role in having significant impact on the economy of a country. Analyzing the decision of UK exiting from the European Union has prolifically fueled the political and economic uncertainty within the country. In such situations economic indicators play a significant role in evaluating the current scenario of the UK economy. GDP: Before the voting to leave the European Union, it was evaluated that the UK economic growth was prolifically slowing. While services in the various field were still expanding at a good rate. Manufacturing and construction was struggling big time. According to the official data that analyzes the referendum impact has started in August, but unofficially it has been suggested that indications provide for a further slowdown (Heo, 2016). The performance of the UK economy has turned into subdued performance in 2016 first quarter, the second quarter data is also impactful but it is not yet clear how much influence is generated by the Brexit referendum. Overall the current GDP growth is about 0.6%, 7.3% increase in size of the economy when compared to the low time. The annual change is about 2.1% (Humphries, 2016). Unemployment: The unemployment rate of UK is falling rapidly and it is one of the major economic stories in the last quarter of 2015. Initially the employment was led by the self employed and part timers have significantly changed and the growth has broadened in including full time employees. But in this instance, the improvement pace has slowed down at a rapid rate. Even there is a deficit in real wages i.e. about 8% since the financial crisis (Humphries, 2016). Currently the employment rate in UK is 4.9% and the regular earning growth as of August is 2.4% and employment rate 74.4%. The average rate of the growth of annual pay has comparatively slowed down but still is rising faster than inflation which can provide real pay growth. Inflation: The inflation ration is exceptionally low because of the responsibility taken by the Bank of England. The low inflation rate is actually driven by the fall in prices of oil, supermarket price wars and the sterling strength of keeping down the imports cost which has significantly a boon for the household finances. As of the policymakers the bank of England has significantly stressed in for the low price increases are actually because of the external factors not because of the deflationary spiral (Meares, 2016). The current consumer price inflation rate is 0.5% with RPI being 1.6%. It is expected that the rate will be very low near about zero for upcoming months, but will gradually increase. Debt-to-GDP ratio: United Kingdom still borrows at a higher ratio that has significantly increased the debt to-GDP ratio. The government is struggling to put an end to the budget deficit of UK. Compared to the previous quarters of 2015 and early 2016 the debt is forecasted to fall as a significant percentage of the GDP. Due to the strengthening of the tax receipts the borrowing figures have also started improving (Mouncey, 2016). Currently UK is at a much stable position as far as the deficit is concerned but it still continues to borrow more than that of other countries like Canada, Japan and Italy. Although the tax receipts have significantly boosted the debt ratio, it is still in the mediocre phase considering the recovery strength. It can be evaluated that the accumulated burden of debt is much higher than 80% of the nations GDP (Toothill, 2016). Tax Rate: The corporate tax rate of United Kingdom currently stands at 20% and the sales tax rate stands equally at 20%. United Kingdoms corporate tax is significantly averaged 32.66% and it reached a record low in the year 2015 about 20%. Analyzing the sales tax rate which is averaged at a rate of 16.53%. Currently both the taxes are charged on individual prices of certain services and goods where as the corporate tax is calculated while exercising the net income of the companies. The tax rate helps the government to ease off the debt-to-GDP-ratio (Toporowski, 2016). Currently UK is facing huge downfall on tax issues because of the Brexit interference and must be balanced to support the economy sterling. Conclusion The report strategically analyzes the major aspects of the UK economy that is boosted by the economic indicators. The economic indicators prolifically provided a clear overview about the countrys economy over the past six months and the current scenario (Wallis and Andrews, 2010). The major aspect of the report is provide a clear overview about the market and economical synopsis of United Kingdom which is prolifically going through the hardships of Brexit which has somewhat created a misbalance within the economy. The report critically empowers the key prospect of the UK economy analyzing in detail about the future references. References Anderton, R. (2010).The UK economy. Oxford: Heinemann Educational. Arndt, S. and McKenzie, G. (2011).The Competitiveness of the UK economy. Basingstoke, Hampshire: M in association with the Centre for International Economics, University of Southampton and the Commons Institute. Artis, M. (2012).The UK economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Barnes, P. (2015). Stock market efficiency, insider dealing and market abuse: the UK experience.International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics, 5(1/2), p.38. Blanchflower, D. (2015). WHERE NEXT FOR THE UK ECONOMY? 1.Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 56(1), pp.1-23. Botham, R. (2015). Does the UK need a SCORE? US and UK SME advisory services compared.Local Economy, 27(3), pp.265-278. Cameron, A. (2015). Experience with the UK New Enterprise Allowance scheme.Local Economy, 30(5), pp.479-483. Cogent Inspection, (2016). Company to market UK-developed NDT equipment.NDT International, 20(2), p.123. Green, F. (2016).The Restructuring of the UK economy. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Heo, U. (2016).The political economy of defense spending around the world. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press. Humphries, C. (2016). Skills in a Global Economy: Ten Proposals for a UK Skills Policy.Local Economy, 21(3), pp.241-248. Meares, O. (2016). Britain's unstable economy.Electronics and Power, 13(8), p.310. Mouncey, P. (2016). The UK general election.International Journal of Market Research, 52(2), p.143. Toothill, J. (2016). Discussion Group A1: The changing UK economy.Prod. Eng. UK, 45(1), p.12. Toporowski, J. (2016). Profits in the UK economy: some Kaleckian models .Review of Political Economy, 5(1), pp.40-54. Wallis, K. and Andrews, M. (2010).Models of the UK economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Descartes Dream Argument free essay sample

How do we know we are not dreaming some particular experience we are having, or we are not dreaming all our experience of this world? When we dream we imagine things happening often with the same sense of reality as we do when we are awake. In Descartes dream argument, he states there are no reliable signs distinguishing sleeping from waking. In his dream argument, he is not saying we are merely dreaming all of what we experience, nor, is he saying we can distinguish dreaming from being awake. I think his point is we cannot be for sure what we experience as being real in this world is actually real. When Descartes remembers occasions when he is dreaming, he falsely believes he is awake. Reflecting on this, Descartes thinks he cannot ever tell whether or not he is dreaming. How can he know he perceives his hands right now? Maybe, it is all just a dream. We will write a custom essay sample on Descartes Dream Argument or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If it were just a dream everything would seem to be the same. In order to have knowledge the suggestion he is dreaming is false, he somehow has to have some knowledge of being awake. I believe his dream argument could be formed in this way: 1. When we are dreaming we are not in a good position to tell whether we are actually dreaming or awake. 2. Any experience you are having right now could also mean you are dreaming. In other words, you can’t possibly know you are dreaming even if it is a dream. 3a. For each of your experiences, you can’t tell whether your experience is a dream or not. (You can’t tell which of your dreams is a waking experience or a dreaming experience). 3b. For all you know, all of your experiences may be dreams. (You may be walking around in a dream, never having any walking experiences) Most philosophers think the dream argument supports both conclusions, but many philosophers also think this argument is strong enough to support 3a but not 3b. It is not really clear whether Descartes is arguing for the stronger claim or the weaker claim. It could be 3b, the weaker claim, is enough to support his purpose. Maybe he does not need a stronger claim to prove his theory. The last step in Descartes argument says if he cannot tell whether he is dreaming, then how can he trust any of his senses telling him about the environment? To know anything about the external world on the basis of his sensory experiences, it seems like Descartes would have to know those experiences are not all just a dream: To know anything about the external world on the basis or your sensory experiences, you have to know that you are not dreaming. I believe the things in my dreams must have been patterned after real things. So, even if I might be dreaming now, I know the world has colors, things that take up space, have shape, quantity, and a place in space and time. Now if you pull premises 1-4 together, we get the result of the conclusion: 5. Therefore, you can’t know anything about the external world based on your sensory experiences. In an interpretation of Descartes Dream Argument, premise 1 supports premise two and premise 3a and 3b support premise 4. So let us take a look at premise 2, 4, and the conclusion. This looks like the valid inference rule, such as modus ponens. P ? Q P__________ Therefore, Q However, that is not what is exactly happening in the dream argument. For premise 4 says to know you would have to know you are not dreaming. But premise 3 says you cannot know you are dreaming. In order for Modus Ponens argument to work, it would have to contain the premise: â€Å"I know I am dreaming. † Since Descartes cannot actually declare he is dreaming, it will not work. So there goes the premise of the argument. The most Descartes can say in his argument is â€Å"you can’t tell whether you experience is a dream,† premise two states â€Å"You can’t possibly know you are dreaming,† to premise 3, â€Å"you can’t tell if you are dreaming† to the conclusion, â€Å"You can’t know anything. † In order for Modus Ponens to work once again Descartes would have to know he was dreaming. As stated above he cannot state his position as if he is dreaming, so there goes the premises argument. So if this is not a valid argument, then perhaps there is a way to revise my interpretation on Descartes’ Dream argument so it turns out to be a valid rgument. Can we make the argument valid by changing premise 4? 2. Any experience you are having right now could also mean that you are dreaming. In other words, you can’t possibly know that you are dreaming even if it really is a dream. 4. I know that I am dreaming. Therefore, you can’t know anything about the external world based on your sensory experiences. This is now valid but is Descartes actually dreaming? Lets try switching around premises one. 1. If I cannot distinguish with certainty between sense perceptions and dreams, then I cannot believe anything based on images as true. . I cannot distinguish with certainty between sense perceptions and dreams. 3. Therefore, I cannot believe as true anything based on images. The argument is now valid again. But the question remains, whether the argument is sound and all the premises are true. A dream is a dream because its external conditions make it a dream and not because of a sense perception. If I am asleep and having an image of a body, than I am dreaming. If I am awake and having an image of a body, then I am not dreaming. Usually I am having a sense perception, but it could also be a hallucination. Dreaming is a certain kind of state. The only way to know you are not dreaming is to know you are not in a state of being asleep and having mental images, sounds, etc. No amount of images, sounds, can tell me I am in the state of being asleep and having images, sounds, etc. before my mind. If premise 2 is true, you can never be certain you are dreaming, as opposed to having sense perception. For instance, I can never step outside of myself to check what state I am in. It is indeed possible I could be dreaming. Descartes, however, has a very different kind of reply to the dream argument. He does not challenge premise 2 at all, instead he challenges premise one: If I cannot distinguish with certainty between sense perceptions and dreams, then I cannot believe as true anything based on images, etc. Descartes states in meditation one, â€Å"Nevertheless, it surely must be admitted that the things seen during slumber are, as it were, like plain images, which could only have been produced in the likeness of true things, and these general things eyes, hands, head, and the whole body,are not imaginary things, but are true and exist. This statement is actually very clear because the reply is the contents of dreams (Mt. Everest, other people, houses, etc) must come from reality. We get images through the world that we live in, so even if I am dreaming, I know there are mountains, people, and houses. They must exist in order to have dreams like the ones I have. If the world was different then I would have different kinds of dreams. † In Descartes final thoughts he admits it seems to be possible I am now dreaming even though no one could know anything about the world around us. I think Descartes point to be made throughout the dream argument is we are able we are not dreaming if we are to know an external world around us. If we are to know our external world around us, then we would have a better understanding of why we dream. It would also give us a better understand to distinguish from being awake to dreaming. It seems to me the point throughout his dream argument the point he is trying to make is we cannot be sure of what we experience as being real in the world is actually real. Descartes may have not made his point to be valid or true, but made us think outside the box, there are other possible choices to why we experience these thoughts when we dream. Descartes Dream Argument free essay sample How do we know we are not dreaming some particular experience we are having, or we are not dreaming all our experience of this world? When we dream we imagine things happening often with the same sense of reality as we do when we are awake. In Descartes dream argument, he states there are no reliable signs distinguishing sleeping from waking. In his dream argument, he is not saying we are merely dreaming all of what we experience, nor, is he saying we can distinguish dreaming from being awake. I think his point is we cannot be for sure what we experience as being real in this world is actually real. When Descartes remembers occasions when he is dreaming, he falsely believes he is awake. Reflecting on this, Descartes thinks he cannot ever tell whether or not he is dreaming. How can he know he perceives his hands right now? Maybe, it is all just a dream. We will write a custom essay sample on Descartes Dream Argument or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If it were just a dream everything would seem to be the same. In order to have knowledge the suggestion he is dreaming is false, he somehow has to have some knowledge of being awake. I believe his dream argument could be formed in this way: 1. When we are dreaming we are not in a good position to tell whether we are actually dreaming or awake. 2. Any experience you are having right now could also mean you are dreaming. In other words, you can’t possibly know you are dreaming even if it is a dream. 3a. For each of your experiences, you can’t tell whether your experience is a dream or not. (You can’t tell which of your dreams is a waking experience or a dreaming experience). 3b. For all you know, all of your experiences may be dreams. (You may be walking around in a dream, never having any walking experiences) Most philosophers think the dream argument supports both conclusions, but many philosophers also think this argument is strong enough to support 3a but not 3b. It is not really clear whether Descartes is arguing for the stronger claim or the weaker claim. It could be 3b, the weaker claim, is enough to support his purpose. Maybe he does not need a stronger claim to prove his theory. The last step in Descartes argument says if he cannot tell whether he is dreaming, then how can he trust any of his senses telling him about the environment? To know anything about the external world on the basis of his sensory experiences, it seems like Descartes would have to know those experiences are not all just a dream: 4. To know anything about the external world on the basis or your sensory experiences, you have to know that you are not dreaming. I believe the things in my dreams must have been patterned after real things. So, even if I might be dreaming now, I know the world has colors, things that take up space, have shape, quantity, and a place in space and time. Now if you pull premises 1-4 together, we get the result of the conclusion: 5. Therefore, you can’t know anything about the external world based on your sensory experiences. In an interpretation of Descartes Dream Argument, premise 1 supports premise two and premise 3a and 3b support premise 4. So let us take a look at premise 2, 4, and the conclusion. This looks like the valid inference rule, such as modus ponens. P ? Q P__________ Therefore, Q However, that is not what is exactly happening in the dream argument. For premise 4 says to know you would have to know you are not dreaming. But premise 3 says you cannot know you are dreaming. In order for Modus Ponens argument to work, it would have to contain the premise: â€Å"I know I am dreaming. † Since Descartes cannot actually declare he is dreaming, it will not work. So there goes the premise of the argument. The most Descartes can say in his argument is â€Å"you can’t tell whether you experience is a dream,† premise two states â€Å"You can’t possibly know you are dreaming,† to premise 3, â€Å"you can’t tell if you are dreaming† to the conclusion, â€Å"You can’t know anything. † In order for Modus Ponens to work once again Descartes would have to know he was dreaming. As stated above he cannot state his position as if he is dreaming, so there goes the premises argument. So if this is not a valid argument, then perhaps there is a way to revise my interpretation on Descartes’ Dream argument so it turns out to be a valid rgument. Can we make the argument valid by changing premise 4? 2. Any experience you are having right now could also mean that you are dreaming. In other words, you can’t possibly know that you are dreaming even if it really is a dream. 4. I know that I am dreaming. 5. Therefore, you can’t know anything about the external world based on your sensory experiences. This is now valid but is Descartes actually dreaming? Lets try switching around premises one. 1. If I cannot distinguish with certainty between sense perceptions and dreams, then I cannot believe anything based on images as true. . I cannot distinguish with certainty between sense perceptions and dreams. 3. Therefore, I cannot believe as true anything based on images. The argument is now valid again. But the question remains, whether the argument is sound and all the premises are true. A dream is a dream because its external conditions make it a dream and not because of a sense perception. If I am asleep and having an image of a body, than I am dreaming. If I am awake and having an image of a body, then I am not dreaming. Usually I am having a sense perception, but it could also be a hallucination. Dreaming is a certain kind of state. The only way to know you are not dreaming is to know you are not in a state of being asleep and having mental images, sounds, etc. No amount of images, sounds, can tell me I am in the state of being asleep and having images, sounds, etc. before my mind. If premise 2 is true, you can never be certain you are dreaming, as opposed to having sense perception. For instance, I can never step outside of myself to check what state I am in. It is indeed possible I could be dreaming. Descartes, however, has a very different kind of reply to the dream argument. He does not challenge premise 2 at all, instead he challenges premise one: If I cannot distinguish with certainty between sense perceptions and dreams, then I cannot believe as true anything based on images, etc. Descartes states in meditation one, â€Å"Nevertheless, it surely must be admitted that the things seen during slumber are, as it were, like plain images, which could only have been produced in the likeness of true things, and these general things eyes, hands, head, and the whole body,are not imaginary things, but are true and exist. This statement is actually very clear because the reply is the contents of dreams (Mt. Everest, other people, houses, etc) must come from reality. We get images through the world that we live in, so even if I am dreaming, I know there are mountains, people, and houses. They must exist in order to have dreams like the ones I have. If the world was different then I would have different kinds of dreams. † In Descartes final thoughts he admits it seems to be possible I am now dreaming even though no one could know anything about the world around us. I think Descartes point to be made throughout the dream argument is we are able we are not dreaming if we are to know an external world around us. If we are to know our external world around us, then we would have a better understanding of why we dream. It would also give us a better understand to distinguish from being awake to dreaming. It seems to me the point throughout his dream argument the point he is trying to make is we cannot be sure of what we experience as being real in the world is actually real. Descartes may have not made his point to be valid or true, but made us think outside the box, there are other possible choices to why we experience these thoughts when we dream.